What kind of bug is this? (it made our kitty sick)?

Looks like an Egyptian Mine Bug. Very rare in Texas, only a few have been spotted. It was first introduced to the U.S. in the 1980's possibly with some cargo from Egypt. It's bite can be deadly to small rodents, but I'm sure your kitty is fine. If she is a small kitten, I would suggest bringing her to the vet immediately for some anti-venom. If it sprayed its venom onto her, instead of biting her, just give her a bath, focusing on where for venom was sprayed. If she ate the bug, take her to the vet and have them induce vommiting. You don't want her ingesting all the venom.